Windows 8 Shortcut Keys 2013

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ello everyone, As now many of us are using windows 8, today i will provide you collection of windows 8 shortcut keys, which will make windows 8 more easy and userfriendly to you. Windows 8 is designed for tablet as well as PC. Windows 8 is comparatively easy to use when it is in an touch screen device. When you’re using Windows 8 on a tablet, it’s easy enough to navigate the new OS. But if you don’t have a touch screen, there’s no need to mouse around to make key functions appear. if you know the correct keyboard shortcuts, you can work faster and more efficiently, keyboard shortcuts are a very efficient method for quickly getting work done without removing your hands away from keyboard. no matter the type of Windows 8 PC. knowing at least some of the windows 8 keyboard shortcuts will make your Windows 8 experience much more enjoyable. Try to memorize these Windows 8 shortcuts keys.

Some Important Shortcut Keys For Windows 8

Windows Key : Open the Start Screen
Win + Z : Open Application bar
Win + W : Search in Settings of the system
Win + X : Open Windows Mobility Center
Win + V : Switch among notifications
Win + Shift + V : Switch among notifications (in reverse manner)
Win + U : Open Ease of Access Center
Win + T : Set focus to Taskbar and toggle through Programs
Win + S : Open OneNote Screenshot Creator (If Microsoft Office-OneNote is installed)
Win + R : Open Run dialog box
Win + Q : Open Windows Apps Search
Win + P : Display Projection Options
Win + O : Disable screen rotation / orientation
Win + N : Create new OneNote (If Microsoft Office-OneNote is installed)
Win + M : Minimize all windows
Win + Shift + M : Restore minimized windows
Win + L : Lock your computer
Win + K : Open Device Connections
Win + J : Toggle foreground between the filled and snapped applications
Win + I : Open Settings Panel (To change Settings for the Wireless Networks, Volume, Apps, Brightness or to Shut Down)
Win + H : Open Share Panel
Win + G : Toggle through Windows Desktop Gadgets
Win + F : Search for the Files in Computer
Win + Ctrl + F : Search for Computers in a network
Win + E : Show Windows Explorer with File’s Tree View
Win + D : Toggle “Show Desktop”
Win + C : Open Charms bar
Win + B : Set focus to Notification Area
Win + Enter : Open Windows Narrator
Win + Alt + Enter : Open Media Center (If Media Center is Installed on PC)
Win + Spacebar : Change the Keyboard Layout / Input Language
Win + PageUp : Move Start Screen to the left side of screen
Win + PageDown : Move Start Screen to the right side of screen
Win + Plus : Magnifier Zoom-In
Win + Minus : Magnifier Zoom-Out
Win + Esc : Close Magnifier
Win + Left Arrow : Dock the current window to left half of the screen
Win + Right Arrow : Dock the current window to right half of the screen
Win + Up Arrow : Maximize the currently active window
Win + Down Arrow : Minimize / Restore the currently active window
Win + Shift + Up Arrow : Maximize the currently active window vertically, while maintaining its width
Win + Shift + Down Arrow : Minimize / Restore the currently active window vertically, while maintaining its width
Win + Shift + Left Arrow : Move the currently active window to the left side of monitor
Win + Shift + Right Arrow : Move the currently active window to the right side of monitor
Win + Home : Toggle (Minimize/Maximize) all non-active windows
Windows + number : Launch the program from taskbar sequence (e.g. To open 1st program window, use Windows + 1)
Windows + Shift + number : Launch a new instance of the currently active program from taskbar sequence (e.g. To open an instance of 1st program window, use Windows + Shift + 1)
Win + Break : Display System Properties dialog box
Win + F1 : Open Windows Help and Support
Win + Forward Slash (/) : Initiate IME (Input Method Editor) reconversion
Win + Tab : Toggle through all Applications
Win + Ctrl + Tab : Toggle through Applications and snap them as they cycle
Win + Shift + Tab : Toggle through Applications in reverse order
Win + Dot (.) : Move the gutter to the right
Win + Shift + Dot (.) : Move the gutter to the left
Win + Comma (,) : Look Temporarily at the desktop

Shortcuts starting with Alt Key :

Alt + W : Create a new document or select a template
Alt + V : Paste
Alt + T : Cut
Alt + S + N : Deselect
Alt + S + I : Invert the selection
Alt + S + A : Select all
Alt + R : Rename selected files
Alt + P + S : Insert label
Alt + P + R : Open properties
Alt + P + E : Display “Open With…” dialog box
Alt + N : Create a new folder
Alt + M : Move the files
Alt + H : Show the history of file versions
Alt + E : Edit selected files
Alt + D : Delete selected files or folder
Alt + C + P : Copy path to the file or folder
Alt + C + O : Copy selected items
Alt + A : Open the “special features”

Credit To

SOALAN LAZIM : UNIT TEKNOLOGI MAKLUMAT

1.  Apakah itu virus?

• Virus adalah perisian yang boleh memusnahkan kandungan cakra serta memadamkan fail dan program dalam memori. Ciri utama virus adalah ia boleh mewujudkan replika baru dan menjangkiti program-program lain dengan menyangkutkan dirinya kepada program-program tersebut. Virus disebarkan melalui perkongsian program, e-mel, dokumen dan media yang tercemar.

2.  Apakah itu malicious code?

• Malicious Code adalah kod program yang dicipta khusus untuk mengakibatkan kerosakan, kemusnahan atau kesukaran kepada perjalanan lancar sistem ICT. Tafsiran malicious code termasuk virus, worm, trojan horse dan logic bomb.

3.  Apakah itu kata laluan?

• Serangkai perkataan atau ayat yang digunakan untuk mengesahkan pengguna atau sumber ICT. 

4.  Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes (GB), Terabytes (TB)

• Istilah yang biasanya digunakan dalam dunia pengkomputeran untuk menerangkan ruang cakera keras atau ruang simpanan data dan sistem memori.Jika beberapa tahun lalu Megabyte (MB), namun kini Gigabyte (GB) adalah istilah yang biasa digunakan untuk menerangkan saiz atau kapasiti ruang cakera keras  (hardisk). Tidak lama lagi, Terabyte (TB) pula akan menjadi satu istilah yang biasa bagi pasaran  hardisk  pada masa akan datang. Berikut ialah jadual/carta pengiraan bagi menerangkan perbezaan antara Bit, Byte, Kilobyte, Megabytes, Gigabytes dan Terabytes:

Disk Storage
1 Bit = Binary Digit
8 Bits = 1 Byte
1000 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte
1000 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte
1000 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte
1000 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte
1000 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte
1000 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte
1000 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte
1000 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte
1000 Yottabytes = 1 Brontobyte
1000 Brontobytes = 1 Geopbyte

5.  Apakah perbezaan antara Internet, intranet, ekstranet, Ethernet dan Networks?

• Internet merupakan satu rangkaian besar dan umum yang menghubungkan banyak rangkaian-rangkaian komputer di seluruh dunia, ianya bersifat awam dan boleh dicapai oleh sesiapa sahaja. Intranet pula adalah satu rangkaian komputer yang tertutup dan boleh dicapai oleh orang atau pihak yang tertentu sahaja, contohnya rangkaian komputer sebuah universiti yang menghubungkan semua jabatannya di seluruh kampus. Manakala ekstranet adalah jalinan antara beberapa intranet, contohnya jalinan antara rangkaian komputer yang terdapat disebuah universiti dengan universiti-universiti yang lain. Ketiga-tiga Internet, intranet dan ekstranet menggunakan satu teknologi sama yang pada umumnya dikenali sebagai teknologi Internet ataupun protokol Internet. Ethernet pula merupakan satu bentuk rangkaian kawasan setempat (local area network atau LAN) yang menghubungkan satu kumpulan komputer contohnya di sebuah pejabat. Networks atau rangkaian pula adalah satu istilah umum yang merujuk kepada dua atau lebih komputer yang dihubungkan antara satu sama lain. FAQ Rangkaian 

6.  Apakah perbezaan antara LAN, WAN dan MAN?

• Sistem Rangkaian Setempat / Local Area Network (LAN) ialah jaringan komputer yang menghubungkan komputer dan peralatan di kawasan-kawasan geografi terhad seperti rumah, sekolah, makmal komputer atau bangunan pejabat.Wide Area Network (WAN) ialah rangkaian komputer yang merangkumi kawasan yang luas (contohnya, rangkaian hubungan komunikasi yang melintasi sempadan bandar, daerah dan negara). WAN berbeza dengan rangkaian dalaman peribadi (Personal Area Network), rangkaian dalaman setempat (LAN), rangkaian dalaman kampus, atau rangkaian kawasan metropolitan (MAN) yang biasanya terbatas pada bangunan, ruangan, kampus atau kawasan metropolitan tertentu.Metropolitan Area Network(MAN) ialah jaringan komputer yang biasanya merangkumi sebuah bandar atau kampus besar. Sebuah MAN biasanya menghubungkan sejumlah rangkaian kawasan tempatan (LAN) menggunakan teknologi backbone berkapasiti tinggi seperti rangkaian fiber optik, dan menyediakan perkhidmatan rangkaian (link) ke rangkaian luas (atau WAN) dan Internet.

7.  Apakah perbezaan antara HTTP dan HTPPS?

• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ialah satu protokol bagi memindahkan fail teks, imej grafik, bunyi, video, dan lain-lain fail multimedia kepada World Wide Web. Sebaik sahaja pengguna web membuka web browser mereka, pengguna secara tidak langsung membuat penggunaan HTTP. HTTP ialahprotokol aplikasi yang berjalan di atas protokol TCP / IP iaitu protokol asas Internet.Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) ialah gabungan HTTP dengan protokol SSL / TLS untuk menyediakan komunikasi selamat dan identiti selamat pelayan web rangkaian. HTTPS sering digunakan untuk transaksi pembayaran di World Wide Web dan untuk transaksi sulit dalam sistem maklumat korporat.

8.   Bagaimanakah cara menggunakan command ‘ping’?

>Klik Start
>pada ruangan Run taip cmd
>Window Command Prompt akan terpapar
>Taip

• Ipconfig/all

kaedah yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan alamat IP, gateway, subnet dan
sebagainya.

• Taip ping 

kaedah yang digunakan untuk mencari remote host melalui signal.

• Taip tracert

kaedah yang digunakan untuk untuk melihat sebuah paket yang dihantar
dan diterima dengan jumlah hops yang diperlukan untuk sesebuah paket
sampaike destinasi.

9.  Bagaimanakah cara menyelesaikan masalah (basic troubleshoot) capaian Internet pada PC atau komputer riba (laptop)?

>Pastikan network card disambung dengan baik.
>Pastikan network cable tidak longgar.
>Pastikan lampu Ethernet port pada komputer menyala.
>Pastikan driver Network Card tidak rosak.
>Pastikan PC Firewall tidak menghalang PC daripada disambungkan ke Internet.
>Masalah talian.
>Kerosakan perkakasan rangkaian.
>Memperbaiki (Repair) LAN pada Network Connection.
>Setup pada Tools (IE Page) – Internet Option – LAN Settings – Uncheck pada Proxy Server
>sekiranya box tersebut bertanda right.

10.   Apakah perbezaan antara Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) dan talian suwa (leased
line)?

• Talian Pelanggan Digital Asimetri atau Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) ialah teknologi Talian Pelanggan Digital. Beza bagi kedua-dua talian ini ialah ADSL membuat penghantaran data digital menerusi wayar dalam rangkaian telefon setempat manakala talian suwa merupakan sambungan secara tetap dengan kelajuan tinggi tanpa perlu mendail (dail up).

11.   Mengapakah teknologi VSAT selalu menghadapi masalah capaian dan bagaimanakah cara
mengatasinya?

• Masalah yang selalu dihadapi ialah faktor cuaca. Ini adalah kerana VSAT menggunakan teknologi satelit.  Cuaca berjerebu atau hujan akan mengganggu isyarat satelit tersebut. Contention Ratio(contohnya: 1Mbps : 40 sekolah) juga memainkan peranan kerana perkongsian ini akan menyebabkan sekolah menghadapi masalah capaian yang perlahan terutamanya semua sekolah menggunakan bandwidth.

12.   Apakah langkah-langkah yang perlu diambil sekiranya router dalam keadaan tergendala
(hang)?

• Langkah 1: Memastikan router telah dikemaskini dengan firmware yang terkini.
• Langkah 2: Lakukan imbasan komputer dengan menggunakan antivirus dan antispyware yang telah dikemaskini.
• Langkah 3: Perhatikan aplikasi yang dipasang pada setiap PC client router tersebut sekiranya terdapat penggunaan aplikasi file sharing Peer to Peer (P2P). Aplikasi ini boleh melaksanakan sharing permission yang membebankan router.

13.   Mengapakah kabel UTP tidak digalakkan bagi pengkabelan rangkaian untuk jarak melebihi
100 meter?

• Kabel UTP tidak boleh melebihi panjang maksimum 100 meter dari hujung ke hujung kerana akan berlaku gangguan elektromagnetik luar.

14.    Apakah kegunaan penapis kandungan (content filtering)?

• Penapis kandungan (content filtering) biasanya digunakan oleh organisasi seperti pejabat dan sekolah untuk menghalang pengguna komputer daripada melihat laman web atau kandungan yang tidak sesuai, atau sebagai langkah keselamatan untuk mencegah akses daripada hos malware yang dikenali. Peraturan penapis kandungan biasanya ditetapkan oleh Unit TMK dan boleh dilaksanakan melalui perisian pada komputer individu atau pada pusat rangkaian seperti pelayan proksi atau router Internet.

15.    Adakah lebar jalur (bandwidth) mempengaruhi kepantasan akses ke Internet?

• Semakin besar lebar jalur (bandwidth), semakin cepat akses ke Internet.

16.    Mengapakah kadangkala sukar mengirim atau menerima e-mel berserta attachment file?

• Kesukaran untuk membuat lampiran (attachment) pada e-mel berlaku apabila saiz fail melebihi tahap yang dibenarkan oleh penyedia e-mel tersebut.

17.   Apakah kelebihan penggunaan switch berbanding hub?

• Penggunaan switch dapat mengurus aliran trafik data dengan lebih baik dan dapat mengurangkan pelanggaran paket data. Sekiranya sebuah bilik mempunyai 10 PC dan menggunakan hub, capaian Internet akan menjadi perlahan disebabkan aliran trafik yang terhad.

18.   Apakah perbezaan antara WWW dan URL?

• Istilah World Wide Web (WWW) merujuk kepada tahap pembangunan terbuka di Internet pada 1990-an. WWW terdiri daripada rangkaian global laman web yang boleh diakses di Internet.Uniform Resource Locator (URL) mengenalpasti di mana sumber berada dan menyediakan mekanisme untuk mencapai sumber tersebut. Dengan kata lain, URL mengenalpasti pelayan web dan nama laman web individu yang disimpan pada pelayan tersebut.

19.   Apakah kegunaan Wireless Key pada Wi-Fi?

• Kunci WEP merupakan kod keselamatan yang digunakan pada rangkaian Wi-Fi. Kunci WEP membolehkan kumpulan peralatan pada rangkaian tempatan (seperti rangkaian rumah) untuk bertukar mesej yang disampaikan antara satu sama lain dan menyembunyikan kandungan mesej daripada dilihat dengan mudah oleh pihak luar.

20.   Apakah maksud IP Conflicts dan bagaimanakah cara menyelesaikannya?

• IP conflicts berlaku apabila dua sistem memperolehi Alamat IP statik yang sama (manually assigned).  Penyelesaiannya adalah seperti berikut:

• Start-->
• All Programs--> Accessories -->Command Prompt - Daripada Command prompt taip IPCONFIG
/RELEASE dan selepas itu IPCONFIG /RENEW
(Memati dan menghidupkan semula sistem boleh dilakukan tetapi mengambil masa yang lama).

Tips Penjagaan Komputer

Latarbelakang

• Persekitaran Menempatkan Komputer
• Tindakan Yang Perlu Diambil Sebelum Memulakan Komputer  
• Tindakan yang perlu diambil sesudah memulakan komputer
• Peringatan semasa menggunakan komputer
• Peringatan semasa ingin berhenti menggunakan komputer

Sebelum diperkatakan dengan lebih lanjut berkaitan penjagaan komputer, eloklah kita

memahami bagaimana komputer beroperasi dan juga fungsinya. Komputer mempunyai

komponen-komponen sirkit bersepadu yang memerlukan aliran elektrik untuk beroperasi.

Kerana letrik sentiasa mengalir di dalam komputer maka ianya mengeluarkan haba panas.

Terdapat juga komponen yang memerlukan pergerakan mekanikal dan beroperasi secara

sentuhan seperti papan kekunci dan tetikus. Komputer beroperasi melalui arahan-arahan yang

telah disimpan didalam cekera keras dan diproses oleh komputer didalam memorinya.

Arahan-arahan ini terbahagi kepada dua iaitu arahan-arahan sistem pengendaliannya dan

juga arahan-arahan dari sistem aplikasi. Fungi komputer adalah memproses data yang

diberikan kepadanya dan mengeluarkan maklumat yang dimanaafkan untuk kita.Untuk

maklumat terperinci berkaitan komputer sila rujuk tutorial Pengenalan Kepada Komputer. 

1. Persekitaran Menempatkan Komputer 

Pastikan komputer diletakkan didalam bilik yang mempunyai pengedaran udara yang baik

dan tidak terlalu panas. Bilik yang mempunyai pendingin udara adalah digalakkan tetapi bukan

satu kemestian. Komputer boleh beroperasi dalam suhu antara 10 darjah Celsius ke 40 darjah

Celsius. Terdapat juga komponen-komponen komputer yang mempunyai kipas sendiri seperti

pemposes utama dan pembekal kuasa. Pengedaran udara yang baik sangat penting kerana

haba dari komputer perlu beredar dan bercampur dengan udara lain supaya kepanasannya

berkurangan. Komputer-komputer perlu ditempatkan ditempat yang tidak begitu sesak yang

memungkinkan ia dilanggar atau terhentak. Ini kerana kebanyakkan komponen komputer

adalah mudah pecah atau rosak jika terkena hentakan. Habuk juga boleh mengganggu operasi

komputer terutama komponen seperti tetikus, papan kekunci dan juga papan induk komputer

itu sendiri dimana habuk mungkin bertindak sebagai konduktor untuk mengalirkan aliran

elektrik ke sirkit yang salah dan menyebabkan operasi komputer menjadi bercelaru. Jika

komputer didtempatkan di kawasan dimana terdapat gangguan kuasa elektrik seperti voltan

bekalan terlebih atau terkurang maka anda perlu menghubungkan komputer dengan alat

penstabil voltan. Bagi komputer jenis pelayan yang mana ia digunakan memproses transaksi

kemaskini yang banyak maka sebuah alat pembekal kuasa tanpa henti ('uninterruptable power

supply (UPS)' adalah diperlukan. Perkakas ini memasti ia dapat beroperasi sehingga bersedia

untuk diberhentikan walaupun semasa terputus bekalan elektrik. 

Bagi menjaga kesihatan pengguna komputer adalah penting perabot yang digunakan adalah

ergonomik. Layar paparan perlulah pada paras mata supaya tidak perlu mendongak untuk

membaca paparan. Papan kekunci seeloknya pada paras siku dan sebahagian tapak tangan

dapat diletakkan keatas meja papan kekunci atau meja supaya mengelak dari kepenatan atau

kecederaan.

     
    2. Tindakan Yang Perlu Diambil Sebelum Memulakan Komputer 

Pastikan segala penutup yang diletakkan keatas monitor, papan kekunci dan lain-lain yang
digunakan untuk menghindari habuk dibuka. Ini ialah untuk memastikan segala ruang udara
perkakasan ini tidak ditutup hingga mengganggu peredaran udara. Pastikan pad untuk
pergerakan tetikus disapu supaya tidak mempunyai habuk yang akan melekat di bebola
tetikus. Untuk pengetahuan tetikus beroperasi dengan pergerakan bebola yang bersentuh
dengan dua lagi roda yang betindak sebagai pengukur axis x dan y bagi pelunjuk.
Habuk-habuk yang terlekat pada bebola akan melekat pada roda x dan y axis dan
mengganggu pergerakannya yang akan mengakibatkan pelunjuk tidak bergerak seperti yang
diinginkan. Bebola didalam tetikus boleh dikeluarkan dan dicuci menggunakan berus atau kain.
Bagaimanapun alat-alat lain di dalam tetikus tidak digalakkan diusik kerana ia adalah alat yang
mempunyai daya ketepatan yang tinggi serta mudah rosak. Pastikan anda tidak meletakkan
tetikus keatas permukaan yang kasar kerana bebola tersebut diperbuat dari getah dan
mungkin cepat haus dan tidak lagi bersentuh dengan roda-roda dalam tetikus.

     3. Tindakan yang perlu diambil sesudah memulakan komputer.

Adalah digalakkan supaya anda memulakan perisian mengesan virus pada cekera dan
memori. Anda digalakkan juga menyemak cekera keras anda kalau terdapat fail-fail sementara
atau fail-fail lain yang tidak lagi dikehendaki supaya dapat dibuang. Mulakan juga aturcara
menyemak struktur direktori cekera anda dan juga utiliti memperkemas cekera anda dari
sebarang fragmentasi fail. Fragmentasi adalah suasana dimana sesuatu fail berpecah kepada
beberapa bahagian di simpan di merata tempat hinggakan gerak kerja untuk membaca
menjadi lambat kerana terpaksa melibatkan pergerakan kepala pembaca cekera yang banyak.

      4. Peringatan semasa menggunakan komputer

Jika anda digalakkan memasang penjimat skrin yang memerluka kata laluan supaya jika anda
tidak menggunakan komputer beberapa ketika satu gambar yang sentiasa bertukar akan
beroperasi. Fungsi penjimat skrin adalah supaya tidak ada sebahagian skrin yang rosak kerana
terlalu panas kerana sentiasa menerima pancaran cahaya pada satu tempat sahaja. Kata
laluan diperlukan supaya tiada orang yang mengambil kesempatan semasa ketiadaan anda
untuk menggunakan komputer anda untuk tujuan tidak baik. Pastikan sebarang disket yang
bukan milik anda yang ingin digunakan disemak dengan pengesan virus sebelum digunakan.
Ia termasuk juga cekera liut anda yang anda gunakan untuk mengambil data atau perisian dari
komputer lain. Jika anda inginkan menyalin data atau aturcara dari disket anda ke komputer
lain pastikan tab pada cekera liut anda dibuka supaya komputer rakan anda tidak boleh
menulis ke cekera itu. Ini adalah penting bagi menghindar jangkitan virus ke cekera tersebut. 

Jika anda menggunakan komputer anda untuk menaip makalah atau data adala penting dari
masa kesemasa untuk anda 'save' atau simpan segala perubahan keatas fail yang anda
sedang gunakan dan tidak menunggu sehinga makalah itu siap. Kata orang malang tidak
berbau. Jika semasa anda sedang menggunakan komputer berlaku gangguan kuasa elektrik
anda tidak kehilangan keseluruhan hasil kerja anda. Anda juga dinasihatkan sentiasa
menyimpan sekurang-kurangnya satu salinan dari artikel atau data yang anda masukkan
kecekera keras disimpa juga ke cekera liut. Umum mengetahui bahawa cekera keras adalah
diantara sebahagian kecil perkakas dalam komputer yang beroperasi secara mekanikal. Jika
sesuatu itu bergerak ia satu masa akan rosak kerana haus, kepanasan atau sebagainya.
Cekera keras adalah antara perkakasan yang sering rosak dan boleh mengakibatkan
kehilangan maklumat yang merugikan. Semasa menggunakan cekera liut pastikan anda tidak
mengeluarkan cekera semasa lampu penunjuk pada pemacu cekera liut masih menyala. Jika
ini berlaku kepala pembaca cekera akan rosak, begitu juga cekera itu sendiri.

      5. Peringatan semasa ingin berhenti menggunakan komputer. 

Pastikan anda menghentikan komputer anda secara betul. Jika anda menggunakan sistem
pengendalian DOS/Windows dari Microsoft anda dinasihatkan semua fail-fail yang dikemaskini
di simpan secara kekal. Pastikan anda keluar dari windows dahulu bebelum menutup suis
komputer. Ini menghindarkan dari berlaku peristiwa komputer kehilangan rekod dimana fail-fail
disimpan kerana komputer dihentikan sebelum komputer anda dapat menyimpan
maklumat-maklumat fail yang ditukar atau yang baru.

Sebelum membuka suis komputer pastikan tiada disket cekera liut pada pemacu disket
melainkan sememangnya anda ingin memulakan komputer menggunakan arahan dari disket
berkenaan. Peringatan ini perlu kerana kebanyak virus jenis boot yang mungkin telah bertapak
pada disket akan masuk ke komputer dan menjangkiti sektor boot dicekera keras pula. Jika
terpaksa menutup komputer secara tiba-tiba kerana menjadi tidak bergerak ('hang') maka
pastikan anda membiarkan ia dalam suasana off kira-kira 1 minute atau paling kurang 10 saat
supaya segala daya ingatan pada komputer itu sudah hilang ('demagnetised'). Ia juga
memastikan cekera keras berhenti berpusing sebelum memulakanya semua supaya ia tidak
cepat rosak.

Pentig Bagi Komputer Yang Mempunyai Data2 Penting.

Edisi Lengkap Nota Komputer (Eng) PDF

Edisi DIY Computer Repair(ENG) Harap Membantu Dalam Urusan Membaik Pulih Komputer anda.. Boleh Juga Didownload Secara Percuma...

DIY Computer Repair pdf

View more ebooks on ebookbrowse.com

Komputer Berjenama dan Klon

Apa itu klon?

Kion (clone) adalah sesuatu yang menyerupai yang asal atau cuba meniru sehingga menjadi serupa. 

Berjenama adalah sesuatu yang memakai nama khas dan menjadi popular.

Berjenama dan kion

Komputer berjenama atau klon sebenarnya sama dari segi operasi.  Perkakasan klon bagi komputer dibuat oleh berbagai-bagai syarikat komputer seluruh dunia, terutama di Asia.  Bagi komputer yang berjenama pula, perkakasan dibuat oleh syarikat gergasi seperti Compaq, NEC, Acer, Dell dan lain-lain lagi.

Kebanyakan syarikat-syarikat komputer berjenama ini membuat pelbagai perkakasan untuk sebuah komputer.  Ini bererti, cuma perkakasannya saja boleh digunakan sekiranya ada kerosakan.  Cara ini bagi mengelakkan dari perkakasan yang tidak sesuai digunakan dan diberi jaminan oleh syarikat berkenaan.  Untuk memasang sebuah komputer klon, perkakasan dari mana-mana syarikat komputer yang membuat perkakasan klon boleh di ambil.  Sekiranya ada kerosakan pada komputer, perkakasan dapat ditukar dengan cepat dan mudah.

Pilihan di tangan anda

Apa yang dicari pada sebuah komputer atau perkakasan, tidak kira berjenama atau klon, seharusnya ada perkhidmatan selepas jualan dan laman web syarikat bagi tindak balas segera serta laporan terkini.  Perkakasan klon juga mempunyai laman web masing-masing untuk kepentingan pengguna agar membuat pilihan yang tepat.  Sebenarnya terpulang kepada citarasa masing-masing dalam membuat pilihan kerana setiap sesuatu itu ada baik dan buruknya.

Perkakasan klon terlalu banyak di pasaran, harus berhati-hati semasa memilih.  Seharusnya ikut setiap penerangan berkenaan ICT selagi terdaya dan mendapat informasi 'feedback' terkini melalui media massa atau Internet.  Pemilihan komputer atau perkakasan harus berpandukan senarai model terkini kerana perubahan IT terlalu cepat dan harus diikuti setiap masa ke semasa.  Alpa saja seketika, kita akan ketinggalan jauh.

Windows Live Tags:

Technorati Tags: Komputer,Berjenama,Klon,Kion,Perkakasan,Asia,Bagi,Compaq,Acer,Dell,Kebanyakan,Cara

Untuk,Sekiranya,Pilihan,Sebenarnya,Seharusnya,feedback,media,Internet,Pemilihan,Alpa,adalah,sesuatu,yang,atau,menjadi,dari,dibuat,oleh,syarikat,membuat,sebuah,saja,boleh,digunakan,kerosakan,tidak,berkenaan,mana,pada,cepat,laman,terkini,kerana,setiap,terlalu,harus,semasa

Technorati Tags: Komputer,Berjenama,Klon,Kion,Perkakasan,Asia,Bagi,Compaq,Acer,Dell,Kebanyakan,media

Remote Desktop Connection Navigation (part8)

• CTRL+ALT+END (Open the m*cro$oft Windows NT Security dialog box)
• ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)
• ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)
• ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used order)
• ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)
• CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen)
• ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)
• CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
• CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place a snapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
Blogger Labels: Remote,Desktop,Connection,Navigation,CTRL,Open,Windows,dialog,PAGE,Switch,DOWN,INSERT,Cycle,HOME,Display,Start,menu,BREAK,client,computer,DELETE,Minus,Place,snapshot,Terminal,server,PRINT,Plus,area,clipboard

Microsoft Internet Explorer Navigation (part9)

• CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)
• CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)
• CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)
• CTRL+H (Open the History bar)
• CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)
• CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)
• CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address)
• CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box, the same as CTRL+L)
• CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)
• CTRL+R (Update the current Web page)
• CTRL+W (Close the current window)
Blogger Labels: Microsoft,Internet,Explorer,Navigation,CTRL,Open,Organize,Favorites,dialog,Search,Start,Find,History,instance,Print,Update,Close

Microsoft Management Console (MMC) Main Window Keyboard Shortcuts (part7)

• CTRL+O (Open a saved console)
• CTRL+N (Open a new console)
• CTRL+S (Save the open console)
• CTRL+M (Add or remove a console item)
• CTRL+W (Open a new window)
• F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
• ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the MMC window menu)
• ALT+F4 (Close the console)
• ALT+A (Display the Action menu)
• ALT+V (Display the View menu)
• ALT+F (Display the File menu)
• ALT+O (Display the Favorites menu)
• MMC Console Window Keyboard Shortcuts
• CTRL+P (Print the current page or active pane)
• ALT+Minus sign (-) (Display the window menu for the active console window)
• SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item)
• F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)
• F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
• CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)
• CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)
• ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for the selected item)
• F2 key (Rename the selected item)
• CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window, this shortcut closes the console)
Blogger Labels: Microsoft,Management,Console,Main,Keyboard,Shortcuts,CTRL,Open,Save,item,Update,SPACEBAR,Display,menu,Close,Action,View,File,Favorites,Print,pane,Minus,SHIFT,Help,topic,Maximize,ENTER,Properties,dialog,Rename,shortcut

Shortcut Keys for Character Map (part6)

• After you double-click a character on the grid of characters, you can move
• through the grid by using the keyboard shortcuts:
• RIGHT ARROW (Move to the right or to the beginning of the next line)
• LEFT ARROW (Move to the left or to the end of the previous line)
• UP ARROW (Move up one row)
• DOWN ARROW (Move down one row)
• PAGE UP (Move up one screen at a time)
• PAGE DOWN (Move down one screen at a time)
• HOME (Move to the beginning of the line)
• END (Move to the end of the line)
• CTRL+HOME (Move to the first character)
• CTRL+END (Move to the last character)
• SPACEBAR (Switch between Enlarged and Normal mode when a character is selected)
Blogger Labels: Shortcut,Keys,Character,grid,Move,LEFT,DOWN,PAGE,HOME,CTRL,SPACEBAR,Switch,Normal,mode

Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts (part5)

• END (Display the bottom of the active window)
• HOME (Display the top of the active window)
• NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)
• NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)
• NUM LOCK+Minus sign (-) (Collapse the selected folder)
• LEFT ARROW (Collapse the current selection if it is expanded, or select the parent folder)
• RIGHT ARROW (Display the current selection if it is collapsed, or select the first subfolder)
Blogger Labels: Windows,Explorer,Keyboard,Shortcuts,Display,HOME,LOCK,Asterisk,folder,Plus,Minus,Collapse,LEFT,selection

Accessibility Keyboard Shortcuts (part4)

• Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or off)
• Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)
• Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)
• SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)
• NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)
• Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)

Blogger Labels: Keyboard,Shortcuts,SHIFT,Switch,FilterKeys,Left,PRINT,High,Contrast,LOCK,MouseKeys,StickyKeys,ToggleKeys,Windows,Logo,Open,Manager,five

Microsoft Natural Keyboard Shortcuts (part3)

• Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)
• Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog box)
• Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)
• Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)
• Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restore the minimized windows)
• Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)
• Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)
• CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)
• Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)
• Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)
• Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)
• Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)
Blogger Labels: Microsoft,Natural,Keyboard,Shortcuts,Windows,Logo,Display,Start,menu,BREAK,System,Properties,dialog,Minimize,SHIFT,Open,Computer,Search,folder,CTRL,computers,Help,Lock,Manager

Dialog Box Keyboard Shortcuts (part2)

1. CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)
2. CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)
3. TAB (Move forward through the options)
4. SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)
5. ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)
6. ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)
7. SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)
8. Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)
9. F1 key (Display Help)
10. F4 key (Display the items in the active list)
11. BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box)
Blogger Labels: Dialog,Keyboard,Shortcuts,CTRL,Move,tabs,SHIFT,options,letter,Perform,option,ENTER,SPACEBAR,Select,Display,Help,items,BACKSPACE,Open,folder,Save
s

Keyboard Shortcut (part1)

1. CTRL+C (Copy)
2. CTRL+X (Cut)
3. CTRL+V (Paste)
4. CTRL+Z (Undo)
5. DELETE (Delete)
6. SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin)
7. CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)
8. CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)
9. F2 key (Rename the selected item)
10. CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word)
11. CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word)
12. CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)
13. CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)
14. CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)
15. SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document)
16. CTRL+A (Select all)
17. F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)
18. ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)
19. ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)
20. ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)
21. ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)
22. CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents open simultaneously)
23. ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)
24. ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)
25. F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)
26. F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
27. SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)
28. ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)
29. CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)
30. ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu)
31. Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)
32. F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)
33. RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)
34. LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)
35. F5 key (Update the active window)
36. BACKSPACE (View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
37. ESC (Cancel the current task)
38. SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)
Blogger Labels: Keyboard,Shortcut,CTRL,Copy,Paste,Undo,DELETE,SHIFT,item,Recycle,Create,Rename,Move,insertion,LEFT,DOWN,paragraph,text,Select,Search,folder,ENTER,View,properties,Close,Display,SPACEBAR,Open,menu,Switch,items,Cycle,Computer,Windows,Explorer,System,Start,letter,Perform,Activate,Update,BACKSPACE,Cancel,task,Prevent,desktop,submenu

Information Security

The protection of information and information systems against unauthorized access or modification of information, whether in storage, processing, or transit, and against denial of service to authorized users. Information security includes those measures necessary to detect, document, and counter such threats. Information security is composed of computer security and communications security. Also called INFOSEC. See also communications security; computer security; information security; information system.

In its most basic defintion, information security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disruption, or destruction. The terms information security, computer security and information assurance are frequently used interchangeably.

Institutions of all sizes collect and store huge volumes of confidential information. The information may be about employees, customers, research, products or financial operations. Most of this information is collected, processed and stored on computers and transmitted across networks to other computers. If this information fell into the wrong hands, it could lead to lost business, law suits, identity theft or even bankruptcy of the business.

Information security has evolved significantly and grown even more important in recent years. From a craeer perspective, there are even more areas where a professional can work in the field. Some of the specialty areas within Information Security include network security, application and database security, security testing, information systems auditing, business continuity planning and digital forensics science, among others.

Confidentiality:-

Confidentiality has been defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in ISO-17799 as "ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to have access" and is one of the cornerstones of information security. Confidentiality is one of the design goals for many cryptosystems, made possible in practice by the techniques of modern cryptography.

Confidentiality also refers to an ethical principle associated with several professions (e.g., medicine, law, religion, professional psychology, and journalism). In ethics, and (in some places) in law and alternative forms of legal dispute resolution such as mediation, some types of communication between a person and one of these professionals are "privileged" and may not be discussed or divulged to third parties. In those jurisdictions in which the law makes provision for such confidentiality, there are usually penalties for its violation.

Confidentiality of information, enforced in an adaptation of the military's classic "need-to-know" principle, forms the cornerstone of information security in today's corporates. The so called 'confidentiality bubble' restricts information flows, with both positive and negative consequences.^[1]

Router Konfiguration (konfigurasi router)

Konfigurasi Router 1 (R1):-

Router>en
Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#int fa0/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 172.30.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
Router(config-if)#int fa0/1
Router(config-if)#ip add 172.30.2.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
Router(config-if)#int se0/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 209.165.200.230 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to down
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#passive-interface fa0/0
Router(config-router)#passive-interface fa0/1
Router(config-router)#network 172.30.0.0
Router(config-router)#network 209.165.200.0
Router(config-router)#exit
Router(config)#line con 0
Router(config-line)#line vty 0 4
Router(config-line)#login
% Login disabled on line 66, until 'password' is set
% Login disabled on line 67, until 'password' is set
% Login disabled on line 68, until 'password' is set
% Login disabled on line 69, until 'password' is set
% Login disabled on line 70, until 'password' is set
Router(config-line)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname P1
P1(config)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
P1#
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
P1#copy run start
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
P1#

Konfigurasi Router 2 (R2):-

Router>en
Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#int fa0/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 10.1.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
Router(config-if)#int se0/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 209.165.200.229 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to down
Router(config-if)#int se0/1
Router(config-if)#ip add 209.165.200.233 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1, changed state to down
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#passive-interface fa0/0
Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
Router(config-router)#network 209.165.200.0
Router(config-router)#exit
Router(config)#line con 0
Router(config-line)#line vty 0 4
Router(config-line)#login
% Login disabled on line 66, until 'password' is set
% Login disabled on line 67, until 'password' is set
% Login disabled on line 68, until 'password' is set
% Login disabled on line 69, until 'password' is set
% Login disabled on line 70, until 'password' is set
Router(config-line)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname P2
P2(config)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
P2#
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1, changed state to up
P2#copy run start
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
P2#


Konfigurasi Router 3 (R3):-

Router>en
Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname p3
P3(config)#int fa0/0
P3(config-if)#ip add 172.30.100.1 255.255.255.0
P3(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
P3(config-if)#int se0/1
P3(config-if)#ip add 209.165.200.234 255.255.255.252
P3(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1, changed state to down
P3(config-if)#int lo0

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Loopback0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Loopback0, changed state to up
P3(config-if)#ip add 172.30.110.1 255.255.255.0
P3(config-if)#no shut
P3(config-if)#int lo1

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Loopback1, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Loopback1, changed state to up
P3(config-if)#ip add 172.30.200.17 255.255.255.240
P3(config-if)#no shut
P3(config-if)#int lo2

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Loopback2, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Loopback2, changed state to up
P3(config-if)#ip add 172.30.200.33 255.255.255.240
P3(config-if)#no shut
P3(config-if)#exit
P3(config)#router rip
P3(config-router)#passive-interface fa0/0
P3(config-router)#network 172.30.0.0
P3(config-router)#network 209.165.200.0
P3(config-router)#exit
P3(config)#line con 0
P3(config-line)#line vty 0 4
P3(config-line)#login
% Login disabled on line 66, until 'password' is set
% Login disabled on line 67, until 'password' is set
% Login disabled on line 68, until 'password' is set
% Login disabled on line 69, until 'password' is set
% Login disabled on line 70, until 'password' is set
p3(config-line)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
P3#
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1, changed state to up
P3#copy run start
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
P3#

Using Command “show ip interface brief”

P2#show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol

FastEthernet0/0 10.1.0.1 YES manual up up

Serial0/0 209.165.200.229 YES manual up up

Serial0/1 209.165.200.233 YES manual up up
P2#



Checking the connection between pc t0 pc:-

IP Information PC1

Packet Tracer PC Command Line 1.0
PC>ipconfig /all

Physical Address................: 0030.A325.3A74
IP Address......................: 172.30.2.10
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 172.30.1.1
DNS Servers.....................: 0.0.0.0

PC>

PC1 to PC2

Packet Tracer PC Command Line 1.0
PC>ipconfig /all

Physical Address................: 0030.A325.3A74
IP Address......................: 172.30.2.10
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 172.30.1.1
DNS Servers.....................: 0.0.0.0

PC>ping 172.30.1.10

Pinging 172.30.1.10 with 32 bytes of data:

Request timed out.
Reply from 172.30.1.10: bytes=32 time=141ms TTL=127
Reply from 172.30.1.10: bytes=32 time=125ms TTL=127
Reply from 172.30.1.10: bytes=32 time=109ms TTL=127

Ping statistics for 172.30.1.10:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 3, Lost = 1 (25% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 109ms, Maximum = 141ms, Average = 125ms

PC1 to PC3

Packet Tracer PC Command Line 1.0
PC>ipconfig /all

Physical Address................: 0030.A325.3A74
IP Address......................: 172.30.2.10
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 172.30.1.1
DNS Servers.....................: 0.0.0.0

PC>ping 10.1.0.10

Pinging 10.1.0.10 with 32 bytes of data:

Request timed out.
Reply from 10.1.0.10: bytes=32 time=125ms TTL=126
Request timed out.
Reply from 10.1.0.10: bytes=32 time=141ms TTL=126

Ping statistics for 10.1.0.10:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 2, Lost = 2 (50% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 125ms, Maximum = 141ms, Average = 133ms

PC1 to PC4

Packet Tracer PC Command Line 1.0
PC>ipconfig /all

Physical Address................: 0030.A325.3A74
IP Address......................: 172.30.2.10
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 172.30.1.1
DNS Servers.....................: 0.0.0.0

PC>ping 172.30.100.10

Pinging 172.30.100.10 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 172.30.2.1: Destination host unreachable.
Reply from 172.30.2.1: Destination host unreachable.
Reply from 172.30.2.1: Destination host unreachable.
Reply from 172.30.2.1: Destination host unreachable.

Ping statistics for 172.30.100.10:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 0, Lost = 4 (100% loss),



PC4 to PC3

Packet Tracer PC Command Line 1.0
PC>ipconfig /all

Physical Address................: 0030.A325.3A74
IP Address......................: 172.30.2.10
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 172.30.1.1
DNS Servers.....................: 0.0.0.0

PC>ping 10.1.0.10

Pinging 10.1.0.10 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 10.1.0.10: bytes=32 time=219ms TTL=126
Request timed out.
Reply from 10.1.0.10: bytes=32 time=156ms TTL=126
Request timed out.

Ping statistics for 10.1.0.10:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 2, Lost = 2 (50% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 156ms, Maximum = 219ms, Average = 187ms

PC4 to PC4

Packet Tracer PC Command Line 1.0
PC>ipconfig /all

Physical Address................: 0030.A325.3A74
IP Address......................: 172.30.2.10
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 172.30.1.1
DNS Servers.....................: 0.0.0.0

PC>ping 172.30.2.10

Pinging 172.30.2.10 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 172.30.100.1: Destination host unreachable.
Reply from 172.30.100.1: Destination host unreachable.
Reply from 172.30.100.1: Destination host unreachable.
Reply from 172.30.100.1: Destination host unreachable.

Ping statistics for 172.30.2.10:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 0, Lost = 4 (100% loss),

View the routing table

Router 2 (R2):-

P2#
P2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 10.1.0.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
R 172.30.0.0/16 [120/1] via 209.165.200.230, 00:00:27, Serial0/0
[120/1] via 209.165.200.234, 00:00:07, Serial0/1
209.165.200.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 209.165.200.228 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 209.165.200.232 is directly connected, Serial0/1
P2#

Examine the routing table on Router 1:-

Router 1:-

P1#
P1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 209.165.200.229, 00:00:22, Serial0/0
172.30.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 172.30.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.30.2.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
209.165.200.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 209.165.200.228 is directly connected, Serial0/0
R
P1#

Examine the routing table on Router 3:-

Router 3:-

P3>en
p3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 209.165.200.233, 00:00:19, Serial0/1
172.30.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 2 masks
C 172.30.100.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.30.110.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 172.30.200.16/28 is directly connected, Loopback1
C 172.30.200.32/28 is directly connected, Loopback2
209.165.200.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets
R 209.165.200.228 [120/1] via 209.165.200.233, 00:00:19, Serial0/1
C 209.165.200.232 is directly connected, Serial0/1
P3#

Turn on the debugging:-

Router 2 (R2):-

P2#debug ip rip
RIP protocol debugging is on
P2#RIP: received v1 update from 209.165.200.234 on Serial0/1
172.30.0.0 in 1 hops
RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/0 (209.165.200.229)
RIP: build update entries
network 10.0.0.0 metric 1
network 209.165.200.232 metric 1
RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/1 (209.165.200.233)
RIP: build update entries
network 10.0.0.0 metric 1
network 209.165.200.228 metric 1
RIP: received v1 update from 209.165.200.230 on Serial0/0
172.30.0.0 in 1 hops
RIP: received v1 update from 209.165.200.234 on Serial0/1
172.30.0.0 in 1 hops

Turn off the debugging:-

Router 2 (R2):-

P2#undebug all
All possible debugging has been turned off
P2#

Use the version 2 command to enable RIP version 2 on each of the routers:-

Route 2 (R2):-

P2#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
P2(config)#router rip
P2(config-router)#version 2
P2(config-router)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
P2#

Router 1 (R1):-

P1#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
P1(config)#router rip
P1(config-router)#version 2
P1(config-router)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
P1#

Router 3 (R3):-

P3#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
P3(config)#router rip
P3(config-router)#version 2
P3(config-router)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
P3#

Verify that RIPv2 is running on the router:-

Router 1 (R1):-

P1#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 15 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Redistributing: rip
Default version control: send version 2, receive 2
Interface Send Recv Triggered RIP Key-chain
Serial0/0 2 2
Automatic network summarization is in effect
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
172.30.0.0
209.165.200.0
Passive Interface(s):
FastEthernet0/0
FastEthernet0/1
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
209.165.200.229 120 00:00:07
Distance: (default is 120)
P1#

Show any of thr subnets for this network:-

Router 2 (R2):-

P2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 10.1.0.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
R 172.30.0.0/16 [120/1] via 209.165.200.230, 00:00:07, Serial0/0
is possibly down, routing via 209.165.200.234, Serial0/1
209.165.200.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 209.165.200.228 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 209.165.200.232 is directly connected, Serial0/1
P2#

Router 1 (R1):-

P1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 209.165.200.229, 00:00:26, Serial0/0
172.30.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 172.30.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.30.2.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
209.165.200.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 209.165.200.228 is directly connected, Serial0/0
R 209.165.200.232 [120/1] via 209.165.200.229, 00:00:26, Serial0/0
P1#

Router 3 (R3):-

P3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 209.165.200.233, 00:00:00, Serial0/1
172.30.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 2 masks
C 172.30.100.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.30.110.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 172.30.200.16/28 is directly connected, Loopback1
C 172.30.200.32/28 is directly connected, Loopback2
209.165.200.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets
R 209.165.200.228 [120/1] via 209.165.200.233, 00:00:00, Serial0/1
C 209.165.200.232 is directly connected, Serial0/1
P3#

Disable auto summarization on all router:-

Router 2 (R2):-

P2#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
P2(config)#router rip
P2(config-router)#no auto-summary
P2(config-router)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
P2#

Router 1 (R1):-

P1#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
P1(config)#router rip
P1(config-router)#no auto summary
P1(config-router)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

P1#

Router 3 (R3):-

P3#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
P3(config)#router rip
P3(config-router)#no auto summary
P3(config-router)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
P3#

Show “show ip route” and “ping” command of the subnets for this network to verify that automatic summarization is off:-

Show IP Route commands:-

Router 1 (R1):-

P1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 209.165.200.229, 00:02:29, Serial0/0
R 10.1.0.0/16 [120/1] via 209.165.200.229, 00:00:10, Serial0/0
172.30.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 6 subnets, 2 masks
C 172.30.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.30.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
R 172.30.100.0/24 [120/2] via 209.165.200.229, 00:00:10, Serial0/0
R 172.30.110.0/24 [120/2] via 209.165.200.229, 00:00:10, Serial0/0
R 172.30.200.16/28 [120/2] via 209.165.200.229, 00:00:10, Serial0/0
R 172.30.200.32/28 [120/2] via 209.165.200.229, 00:00:10, Serial0/0
209.165.200.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 209.165.200.228 is directly connected, Serial0/0
R 209.165.200.232 [120/1] via 209.165.200.229, 00:00:10, Serial0/0
P1#

Router 2 (R2):-

P2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 10.1.0.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
172.30.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 7 subnets, 3 masks
R 172.30.0.0/16 [120/1] via 209.165.200.230, 00:02:58, Serial0/0
is possibly down, routing via 209.165.200.234, Serial0/1
R 172.30.1.0/24 [120/1] via 209.165.200.230, 00:00:10, Serial0/0
R 172.30.2.0/24 [120/1] via 209.165.200.230, 00:00:10, Serial0/0
R 172.30.100.0/24 [120/1] via 209.165.200.234, 00:00:22, Serial0/1
R 172.30.110.0/24 [120/1] via 209.165.200.234, 00:00:22, Serial0/1
R 172.30.200.16/28 [120/1] via 209.165.200.234, 00:00:22, Serial0/1
R 172.30.200.32/28 [120/1] via 209.165.200.234, 00:00:22, Serial0/1
209.165.200.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 209.165.200.228 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 209.165.200.232 is directly connected, Serial0/1
P2#

Router 3 (R3):-

P3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
R 10.0.0.0/8 is possibly down, routing via 209.165.200.233, Serial0/1
R 10.1.0.0/16 [120/1] via 209.165.200.233, 00:00:05, Serial0/1
172.30.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 6 subnets, 2 masks
R 172.30.1.0/24 [120/2] via 209.165.200.233, 00:00:05, Serial0/1
R 172.30.2.0/24 [120/2] via 209.165.200.233, 00:00:05, Serial0/1
C 172.30.100.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.30.110.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 172.30.200.16/28 is directly connected, Loopback1
C 172.30.200.32/28 is directly connected, Loopback2
209.165.200.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets
R 209.165.200.228 [120/1] via 209.165.200.233, 00:00:05, Serial0/1
C 209.165.200.232 is directly connected, Serial0/1
P3#

Check connectivity between the PC’s

PC1 to PC2:-

Packet Tracer PC Command Line 1.0
PC>ipconfig /all

Physical Address................: 0030.A325.3A74
IP Address......................: 172.30.2.10
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 172.30.1.1
DNS Servers.....................: 0.0.0.0

PC>ping 172.30.1.10

Pinging 172.30.1.10 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 172.30.1.10: bytes=32 time=125ms TTL=127
Reply from 172.30.1.10: bytes=32 time=125ms TTL=127
Reply from 172.30.1.10: bytes=32 time=110ms TTL=127
Reply from 172.30.1.10: bytes=32 time=121ms TTL=127

Ping statistics for 172.30.1.10:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 110ms, Maximum = 125ms, Average = 120ms

PC>



PC1 to PC3:-

Packet Tracer PC Command Line 1.0
PC>ipconfig /all

Physical Address................: 0030.A325.3A74
IP Address......................: 172.30.2.10
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 172.30.1.1
DNS Servers.....................: 0.0.0.0

PC>ping 10.1.0.10

Pinging 10.1.0.10 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 10.1.0.10: bytes=32 time=156ms TTL=126
Reply from 10.1.0.10: bytes=32 time=156ms TTL=126
Reply from 10.1.0.10: bytes=32 time=129ms TTL=126
Reply from 10.1.0.10: bytes=32 time=141ms TTL=126

Ping statistics for 10.1.0.10:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 129ms, Maximum = 156ms, Average = 145ms

PC>

PC1 to PC4:-

Packet Tracer PC Command Line 1.0
PC>ipconfig /all

Physical Address................: 0030.A325.3A74
IP Address......................: 172.30.2.10
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 172.30.1.1
DNS Servers.....................: 0.0.0.0

PC>ping 172.30.100.10

Pinging 172.30.100.10 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 172.30.100.10: bytes=32 time=172ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.30.100.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.30.100.10: bytes=32 time=171ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.30.100.10: bytes=32 time=156ms TTL=125

Ping statistics for 172.30.100.10:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 156ms, Maximum = 188ms, Average = 171ms

PC>

PC4 to PC3:-

Packet Tracer PC Command Line 1.0
PC>ipconfig /all

Physical Address................: 0040.0B37.0DA4
IP Address......................: 172.30.100.10
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 172.30.100.1
DNS Servers.....................: 0.0.0.0

PC>ping 10.1.0.10

Pinging 10.1.0.10 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 10.1.0.10: bytes=32 time=141ms TTL=126
Reply from 10.1.0.10: bytes=32 time=125ms TTL=126
Reply from 10.1.0.10: bytes=32 time=112ms TTL=126
Reply from 10.1.0.10: bytes=32 time=156ms TTL=126

Ping statistics for 10.1.0.10:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 112ms, Maximum = 156ms, Average = 133ms

PC>

PC4 to PC2:-

Packet Tracer PC Command Line 1.0
PC>ipconfig /all

Physical Address................: 0040.0B37.0DA4
IP Address......................: 172.30.100.10
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 172.30.100.1
DNS Servers.....................: 0.0.0.0

PC>ping 172.30.1.10

Pinging 172.30.1.10 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 172.30.1.10: bytes=32 time=187ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.30.1.10: bytes=32 time=187ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.30.1.10: bytes=32 time=172ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.30.1.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125

Ping statistics for 172.30.1.10:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 172ms, Maximum = 188ms, Average = 183ms

PC>

PC4 to PC1

Packet Tracer PC Command Line 1.0
PC>ipconfig /all

Physical Address................: 0040.0B37.0DA4
IP Address......................: 172.30.100.10
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 172.30.100.1
DNS Servers.....................: 0.0.0.0


PC>ping 172.30.2.10

Pinging 172.30.2.10 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 172.30.2.10: bytes=32 time=187ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.30.2.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.30.2.10: bytes=32 time=156ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.30.2.10: bytes=32 time=159ms TTL=125

Ping statistics for 172.30.2.10:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 156ms, Maximum = 188ms, Average = 172ms

PC>

Check connectivity between Router 2 (R2) and PC’s.

From Router 2 (R2) ping PC1:-

P2#ping 172.30.2.10

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.30.2.10, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 78/90/94 ms

P2#

From Router 2 (R2) ping PC2:-

P2#ping 172.30.1.10

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.30.1.10, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 67/85/94 ms

P2#

From Router 2 (R2) ping PC3:-

P2#ping 10.1.0.10

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.1.0.10, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 47/56/63 ms

P2#

From Router 2 (R2) ping PC4:-

P2#ping 172.30.100.10

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.30.100.10, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 62/81/93 ms

P2#